The metabolic rate varies depending on genetics, muscle mass, body fat, activity, age, gender, and hormonal function. Not bad. I would add that Ive always liked it with sugar a lot more, although it might be frowned upon. Please see the table below to clarify the caffeine levels of different teas, I have thrown coffee in there too, just as a comparison. Bravo L., Goya L., Lecumberri E. (2007), 18. It might cause blood pressure increase.25, Yerba mate contains on average 0.15-0.76%5 theobromine, though some sources quote as much as 0.9%22, Effects of theobromine: Yerba mate is not only claimed to be better for you than coffee, it's also been proven to be healthier than green tea. Thats one of the reasons why black tea and Pu-erh tea, brewed with almost boiling hot water, have more caffeine compared to green and white teas steeped in much lower temperatures. For example, they are the main active ingredient of ginseng.26 The leaves of yerba mate contain 1.2% saponins, mainly matesaponins 1 i matesaponins 227, Matesaponins have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.28, They minimize the growth and induce apoptosis (death) of colon cancer in vitro.27. The flowers are small and greenish-white with four petals. This may be due to mate's adaptogenic . Young leaves are particularly tempting to insects and therefore need special protection. Lemon peels also add a wonderful taste! Its proven to be effective for reducing stress and improving sleep. Continue reading to learn more about high caffeine teas like yerba mate, matcha, and black tea. Dry yerba mate leaves usually contain between 1% to 1.5% of caffeine compared to about 1.2% to 3% for ground coffee. First, lets take a look at some of the proven benefits of including caffeine in your diet. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. It stimulates the body and acts as an analgesic. Caffeine stimulates the cortex of the brain, dilates the coronary arteries and the meningeal arteries, stimulates heart action and the secretion of gastric acid and is a diuretic. White Peony tea is another white tea with moderate caffeine levels. Related Reading What Does Yerba Mate Taste Like? With so many types of tea out there with different caffeine levels, we thought wed look at a variety of teas that you can easily find anywhere. If you use more tea leaves with a higher temperature and brewing time, the overall caffeine levels will be higher. There is another aspect of beverages like yerba mate and other herbal teas that may help with weight loss, though. The reason why these teas usually have less caffeine than black and Pu-erh tea is mainly due to the lower brewing temperature. Now we have discussed which teas have the most caffeine. At anywhere from 30-45 milligrams of caffeine in a cup, its sure to pack a punch. But as mentioned earlier, the caffeine concentration of mate tea can vary greatly. Adding a little stevia and coconut milk will make mate more drinkable for newcomers. To avoid problems from caffeine consumption, at Sibo Survivor, we suggest drinking caffeine as early in the day as possible and in moderation. As well as covering the different types of tea with caffeine, weve also included some Amazon links to our favorites, so that you can try them out for yourself. Because yerba mate contains caffeine, many people think that drinking yerba mate tea is similar to drinking coffee, but without the negative side effects that can accompany coffee. The solubility of minerals in the infusion is dependent on the amount of tannin present in it. No matter how long you brew your team, the caffeine levels are also affected by where and how the tea leaves are grown. Yerba Mate Aids Weight Loss. Different types of teas and herbal infusions can provide a healthy way to increase your energy levels. What I really like though, that I think most Americans are unaware of is, you can COLD BREW it within 10 minutes! However, if you brew your mate tea with some other method, like using tea bags, it will have much less caffeine. As a tea It also helps to circulate the chemicals around the body and has been linked to the production of adrenaline. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. They came from Ivai, Quedas do Iguau, Cascavel and Baro de Cotegipe. As stated here, its less than that of coffee, and there are different types of caffeine, and the different types affect a person differently as well. Bastos D.H.M., Oliveira D.M., Matsumoto R.L.T., Carvalho P.O., Ribeiro M.L. by Jonny Bowden | Blog, Nutrition | 6 comments. Puangpraphant S., Berhow M. A., De Mejia E.G. Brazilian yerba mate tends to contain the highest caffeine content, followed by Paraguayan and Argentinian. Of course, if you like your matcha extra strong, you can use more powder to make an even stronger cup. Ive long been a fan of yerba mate, which is sometimes higher in antioxidants than green tea thanks to its cholorogenic acid. There are so many different varieties of tea out there, that youre sure to find one thats just right for you. Yerba mate can be the perfect replacement for commercial energy drinks, providing many more benefits while avoiding the adverse effects generated by these artificial drinks with a high content of stimulants and sugar. You can find yerba mate as loose-leaf tea or in tea bags. The caffeine in Yerba Mate works differently. This is because Matcha tea is made from entire tea leaves which have been ground down as a whole. They also have caffeic acid, quinic acid, caffeoyl glucose and feruloylquinic acid. Usually, the amount of guayusa leaves used is less compared to when brewing yerba mate tea. Once you are addicted, coming off of caffeine can be quite challenging. If you use this type of green tea you might get a drink that has as much caffeine as black tea. If that is true, it could be because yerba mate contains about 80 milligrams of caffeine per cup -- almost twice the amount in black tea but less than half that of coffee, which usually contains . The biggest difference was evident in relation to the amount of triterpenoid saponins (from 0.003 to 0.080%), caffeine (from 0.226 to 1.377%), theobromine (from 0.176 to 0.831%), a smaller difference was found in relation to chlorogenic acid (from 1.344 to 2.031%).4. Brazilian yerba mate tends to contain the highest caffeine content followed by Paraguayan and Argentinian. Brungus!! In addition, teas harvested in the spring tend to have more caffeine compared to teas harvested later in the year. Add 8 oz of 170F water. All teas derived from the Camellia Sinensis have some level of caffeine. The reason matcha has so much caffeine is that you actually consume the powdered tea leaves. (2009), 5. Coffee is the most common add-on (stim wise) that I see added onto Kratom and I wish to enlighten some of you on a better, less jittery alternative known as Yerba Mate (and it's cousin, Guayusa). Yerba mate may help give your runs a jolt. And here, once again, caffeines superpowers come to the rescue. My advise is; dont OVERBREW IT, as it can be too strong. The amount of caffeine is also related to nitrate fertilizers used in cultivation. as a delicious and affordable choice for your cup of tea. Fertilized plants growing in shade had double and those growing in sunlight had treble the amount of caffeine.2 Other studies showed that yerba mate trees growing on plantation in full sunlight have more polyphenols and caffeine than the trees growing in forests.5,8 However, this particular study did not take into account other variants therefore the reasons for the differences are certain. While several cups of coffee easily cause jitters and crashing effects, mate has the unique dual action of stimulating and soothing, even after several servings. Yerba mate contains high levels of caffeine (a bit less than coffee), but ZERO jitters, it actually even relaxes me (likely due to a combination of . Yerba mate is a tea that helps in weight loss, promotes smooth digestion, boosts immune system, improves circulation and protect liver and heart against diseases. What is the strongest caffeine tea? However, if you have too much caffeine, it can make you feel anxious and sleepless, and if you have a heart condition, its also not recommended. Although this, A rise in body temperature and frequent urination, Which Tea Has The Most Caffeine Conclusion. Other beneficial stimulants in yerba mate include xanthines, theophylline, and theobromine. For instance, you have whole leaves and broken leaves, as well as dusted ones and more. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18034743/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5107567/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24413697/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7915779/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209050/, https://u.osu.edu/emotionalfitness/2017/04/19/study-caffeine-stress-and-brain-function/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404081/, Make your heart beat faster, palpitations, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms. However, tea made with roasted tea leaves will have only around 13 mg of caffeine per cup (182ml). Yerba Mate, like coffee, tea, and chocolate, is one of the few plants that have natural stimulants. Try my cold brew method! Filip R., Lotito S.B., Ferraro G., Fraga C.G. Steep 5 minutes and strain. Dry guayusa leaves have about 1.7% to 3.5 % caffeine content, which is even higher than in yerba mate. Coffee has a PH level of 4.7, depending on the type of blend. The degree to which the coffee beans are roasted impacts the caffeine levels. Which is healthier yerba mate or coffee? 1- Yerba mate ginger This usually has a soft component that works like a traditional yerba suitable for nervous people. The tea with the most caffeine will be the most oxidized and the darkest, while lighter teas will generally have less caffeine and color. This high caffeine tea is one of the most potent on the list. The caffeine content of Pu-erh tea is comparable to black tea. The most common ways to take caffeine are from tea, coffee and chocolate. The effects of caffeine are usually felt somewhere between 5 and 10 minutes after ingesting. Also, a higher brewing temperature will make the caffeine dissolve faster. On the same note some have next to no caffeine so if a wake-up call is what youre looking for you might want to, With so many types of tea out there with different caffeine levels, we thought wed look at a. Nutrient Content. Many athletes consume caffeine before workouts to give them an extra boost. It's made from the leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis plant and contains caffeine. Plus, it also offers you more health benefits overall. However, the caffeine in mate seems to work differently. Heck CI, Schmalko M, Gonzalez de Mejia E. (2008), 6. Not only that, but caffeine may also prevent brain aging, including dementia and Alzheimers disease [4]. There are three main types of yerba mate; Brazilian, Paraguayan, and Argentinian. Tea plants come in two main varieties Camellia sinensis sinensis and Camellia sinensis assamica. (2010), 26. recent study at the University of Illinois, Medicinal Honey High-Tech Natural Superfoods For Bees Are A Real thing, What To Do When You See Graviola On The Label. (2007), 15. My favorite brand has a toucan on the box and is by Mate Factor Fresh Green Organic Yerba Mate. Pure ground yerba mate leaf has more caffeine than a mixture of leaves and stems. Think of yerba mate as a shortcut for getting your life back on track. A cup of black tea has about 50 milligrams of caffeine. Has the Cholesterol Test Outlived its Usefulness? Our organic mate is ecologically mindful. The Yerba Mate Caffeine Will Make You Feel So Much More Energized Caffeinated drinks are great to boost your energy, but after the effect is gone, you keep craving for more. as a delicious and affordable choice for a great cup of tea. It is found in South America and is known for its generally high caffeine content, beating out most regular teas. Some people are very sensitive to caffeine, and even one cup of tea leads to jitteriness, shakiness, headaches, and severe anxiety. Tea grades refer to the condition of the tea leaves. Native to South America and popular in countries like Argentina and Chile, mate is actually a species of the holly plant. Yet, some varieties of green tea are shaded for several weeks before harvest, which increases their caffeine content. Generally, any cup of tea made with the traditional tea plant is bound to contain caffeine unless, of course, they are decaffeinated. Because it helps to absorb and metabolize caffeine-related compounds, however, yerba mates anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer benefits are probably most useful for your colon. These findings could benefit all types of cancer. Also, Yerba mate is filled with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. A cup of yerba mate tea contains about 70 mg of caffeine on average, while a cup of coffee averages 120 mg of caffeine. While Yerba Mate does contain caffeine, many people experience its effects differently than the caffeine present . 5. Caffeine and other chemicals in yerba mate can stimulate the brain, heart, muscles lining blood vessels, and other parts of the body. Caffeine in Yerba Mate vs Coffee. You want the water to be hot but not boiling: yerba mate becomes very bitter in too-hot water. What Affects the Amount of Caffeine in Tea? Dont forget that caffeine is a stimulant, and it has a number of pros and cons that are important to consider. Other teas with particularly low caffeine content are Pu-erh and most varieties of White Tea and some green tea varieties. Thus young leaves, as well as young fruit have higher concentration of caffeine than old leaves and ripe fruit.9 Similarly young leaves have more polyphenols8 and minerals (micro and macro elements)7. I just started drinking it this year and love it! Moreover, canned yerba mate has two different versions - carbonated and non-carbonated - and comes in 7 different flavors whereas bottled yerba mate is only available in a non-carbonated form and in 10 different flavors, including traditional . It is heavy on CAFFEINE but it also contains THEOPHILLINE primarily found in tea (less in coffee) and THEOBROMINE (a non-addictive stimulant which, like chocolate, it contains in greater quantities than either coffee or tea). Unlike black tea, green tea is made from unfermented leaves, leaving a much lighter color and flavor. (2007), 8. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this website are for informational purposes only and are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Although most varieties of white tea dont have that much caffeine, this specific type has around 75 milligrams of caffeine per cup. Those are some good suggestions. Research has found that polyphenols, antioxidants which Yerba Mate has at least 11 (possibly many . Yerba mate receives a lot of press as a weight-loss tea. Of course, the caffeine content in both yerba mate and coffee will vary depending on a variety of factors. Steeping Time and Temperature: The longer you let your tea steep the more caffeine will be dissolved into the water. It's also the most ECO ecological and economical! Leaves grown in the shade (such as Matcha) contain higher caffeine levels because of how the chlorophyll and amino acids change depending on light availability. If you buy loose leaf yerba mate, the amount of palos (stems) affects the caffeine content. It might be hard for some to start drinking mate, because the taste is like nothing else. (2009). Caffeine has been proven to increase your metabolic rate [6], making yerba mate a good choice for boosting your metabolism. History [ edit] Main article: History of yerba mate Yerba mate growing in the wild Caffeine causes digestive distress in some people. Consumed mindfully in moderation, it can be an enjoyable and beneficial part of your diet. At about 70mg of caffeine, Matcha is among the high caffeine teas. This means that at no cost to you, we may earn a small commission for qualifying purchases. Best Online Tea Stores in 2022 Introduced. Too much, and you could experience jitteriness and weakness of the body. And one cup offers 30% of the B vitamin niacin. Yerba Mate, has a PH range of 6.0 up to 7.0 it is neither alkaline nor acidic. The 12-ounce cans contain 80 mg per serving, so they are not as strong at about 6.6 mg per ounce. is another white tea with moderate caffeine levels. Unlike black tea. Yerba Mate is also from a completely different plant: the Ilex paraguariensis. Yerba mate contains both caffeine and theobromine, which have an energy-boosting stimulant effect, which is why you'll find it as an ingredient in many energy drinks. And all of us need a boost sometimes! Yerba mate contains caffeine. Yerba Mate THE KICK : our Mate is supergreen and most of psychoactive compounds are preserved. Teabags are a good example of this, as these are very broken leaves. The assamica variety native to the Assam region in India usually has more caffeine than the Chinese variety of the tea plant. I make it daily every night, though the boiling water information was new to me, thank you Dr. However, any type of tea can help you with this, including herbal teas like peppermint tea that do not contain caffeine. HERE IS A PERFECT YERBA MATE ALTERNATIVE TO COFFEE. Specifically, it found one particularly popular tea could increase your risk of three cancers. Yerba mate is an herbal tea made from the leaves and twigs of the Ilex paraguariensis plant. Schubert A, Zanin FF, Pereira DF, Athayde ML (2006), 12. Alright, here we go! enantiomers. In many tests published in the early 1990s it was shown that oral intake of potassium leads to the lowering of blood pressure, especially in people with hypotension (systolic pressure was lowered by 8.2 mm HG on average and diastolic pressure by 4.5 mm Hg).30, http://www.erowid.org/plants/yerba_mate/yerba_mate_chemistry1.shtml, 2. 10 Best Morning Teas for Health and Energy! The caffeine content of dry yerba mate leaves is usually between 1% and 1.5%. The amount you need to add depends on the size of your french press and the strength of tea you're aiming for. Cardozo E.L., Ferrarese-Filho O., Cardozo Filho L., Ferrarese M.d.L.L., Donaduzzi C.M., Sturion J.A. Yerba mate contains many substances, the most important of which are the purine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine), polyphenols (chlorogenic acid), saponins, minerals and vitamins (A, B1, B2, C, E), falvonoids and 0.3% etheric oil.1,2,3, The amount of active ingredients and minerals in yerba mate changes depending on certain conditions, such as genetic differences between plants. Brewing Method The brewing method can also impact the caffeine content of yerba mate. Coffee contains about 85 milligrams of caffeine per 5 ounce cup, and yerba mate has slightly less at about 78 milligrams. Each gram of matcha has roughly 1,350 ORAC units (the measurement of antioxidants in a substance). The study linked above found that caffeine had as early as 7 am lead to less efficient sleep and reduced total sleep at 9 pmSome people have more daytime sleepiness because of caffeine-related sleep disruption Caffeine can reduce blood flow to the brain by up to 27%.. Here is a blog post discussing yerba mate and caffeine in greater detail. Too much sunlight (incl. Lets Just Clarify Which Tea Has The Most Caffeine. In each of the three places in the state of Paran, namely Iva, Rio Azul i Guarapuava, trees originating in 4 different Brazilian regions were cultivated. This means you can safely drink them before going to bed even if you are sensitive to caffeine. I drink it every morning instead of coffee with a lemon wedge. Great article. Yerba mate and coffee both contain approximately 75-80 mg of caffeine per cup. The twigs which we find in yerba mate have lesser amounts of polyphenols and caffeine than the leaves1,10. Jacques RA, Arruda EJ, de Oliveira LC, de Oliveira AP, Dariva C, de Oliveira JV, Caramo EB. are under constant insect attack) produce higher amounts of defensive materials such as caffeine6 and polyphenols5 but at the same time plants growing in shade produce more minerals (micro and macro elements).7 This tea comes in a large range of quality, but a typical cup of Ceremonial Matcha can be a great healthy substitute for your morning coffee. Yerba Mate Culture is supported by readers. The best part of all? We recommend Ito En Matcha Green Tea as a delicious and affordable choice for your cup of tea. Plus, yerba mate also contains the amino acid L-theanine which further boosts your brainpower. So now that you know which tea has the most caffeine youre ready to get your day going. This results in a drink that has about the same amount of caffeine as yerba mate. Drinking yerba mate this way from a shared gourd is a cultural, social, and timeless ceremony. Which is much more than almost any other tea, but slightly less than a standard cup of coffee. Yerba mate tea is a traditional South American drink with many health benefits. Thus, some people wouldnt even call it a tea, but a herbal infusion. Many herbal teas are also potent natural remedies for anything from cough and colds to digestive problems. A research document published in 2009 disclosed the results of a study showing the amount of active ingredients in eight genetically different types of yerba plant. Copyright 2021 Jonny Bowden. Greek Mountain Tea Facts and Health Benefits, Licorice Root Tea Health Benefits and Side Effects, Buddha Teas Turmeric Ginger Tea Bags Review, Pukka Peppermint & Licorice Organic Tea Bags Review, Traditional Medicinals Belly Comfort Tea Review, Pajarito Yerba Mate Seleccion Especial Review, English vs Irish vs Scottish Breakfast Tea. Processing: The main reason for the high caffeine content of matcha is that its produced by grinding green tea leaves to fine powder, which is consumed when drinking the tea. Yerba mate offers you more cognitive clarity and longer-lasting energy than coffee. Xanthine alkaloids (natural stimulants) are found in woodsy plants. Enjoy! In a serving of yerba mate, there is about 80 milligrams of caffeine on average, depending on the preparation method. Around 60 plants naturally contain caffeine including the South American yerba mate plant. Check out our yerba mate caffeine selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. This means dark roast coffee is slightly lower in caffeine than light roast coffee. How much caffeine in yerba mate? The most common and well-known xanthine is caffeine which is found in coffee beans. If you just want to quickly compare the amount of caffeine in different teas and other popular beverages, take a look at the infographic below: Everyone knows that coffee has high caffeine content and gives you energy. Health Benefits of Yerba Mate. Brazilian yerba mate tends to contain the highest caffeine content, followed by Paraguayan and Argentinian. Yerba mate's caffeine content depends greatly on its brewing method, type of mate, and concentration. Its pronounced mah-tay. Yerba mate has long been a staple in South America, which regards this potent tea for its medicinal and social qualities. Yes, yerba mate contains caffeine. (2010), 4. I had only heard it said it had more caffeine than coffee. The lowest level in yerba mate was reached in mixtures with more twigs, mixtures poorly ground or mixtures of different type of yerba mate10. 2- Superfood. One of the most popular drinks around the world, black tea is made with fully oxidized tea leaves. Contrary to its name, decaf coffee is not free from caffeine. 4) As yerba mate contains caffeine, it has been found effective in treating and improving all the brain related . Step 1: Fill Your French Press With Yerba Mat. But, you must remember it is not just about the level of caffeine present, its how much you drink too! A friend turned me onto yerba mate 7 years ago and told me it was an acquired taste. These synergistic compounds create a sharp, focused, alert feeling without coffees negative effects. (2011). It can also be a better drink to improve concentration and mental clarity, as well as more effective for weight loss since thermogenesis is also more efficient. Yerba mate tea may help you shed weight because hot, soothing, low-calorie beverages fill your stomach and hydrate you, causing you to feel fuller and consume fewer calories overall. Much easier to drink then the smokey flavored kind! The most stimulating yerba mate blends from Paraguay are Selecta and Guarani. How to Use Black Tea for Sunburn Natural and Effective! Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links. The teas with the most caffeine are generally in a powdered form, such as Matcha tea which can have double the caffeine levels of normal green tea. While there are some benefits to having caffeine, if you do have too much, you may experience the following effects. If you decide to buy through a link on this page, we may earn an affiliate commission. You may be surprised that these two drinks not only differ in their caffeine amounts but also in the caffeines effect on your body. Metabolic rate is the speed at which your body processes incoming calories; the faster your metabolic rate, the more calories are needed to sustain you. Manage SettingsContinue with Recommended Cookies. If you want to try it, check out my reviews of the best yerba mate brands to find a nice product. Although this is purely epidemiological, researchers studying hot yerba mate drinkers in South America have noticed a positive correlation between hot mate intake and oral . I lived in Argentina 35 years ago and learned to love mate. Remember that caffeine is an addictive stimulant. When prepared with the traditional method of using a gourd (cup) and bombilla (metal straw), it might just be the tea with the most caffeine. Even though there is approximately 80 mg of caffeine found in yerba mate, as compared to 100-200 mg in a cup of coffee, yerba mate tea is often consumed throughout the day, with 4 . . As a bonus, when you are functioning at your best, you have one less thing to feel depressed about. One thing to note here is that yerba mate is not made from the tea plant (Camellia Sinensis). Average Caffeine Levels Per Average Drink, Tea comes in a very wide variety of types, so some teas have more caffeine than others. Its produced by compressing the tea leaves into cakes and fermenting them for as long as 15 years. Before looking to caffeine as your main weight-loss tool, look at your relationship with food and movement first. Yerba mate doesnt quite get this kind of love in North America. I started out with the smokey flavor of yerba mate but some years later found its also made in a green form. Theorbomine has a relaxant effect on the smooth muscle tissue of the circulatory system and causes an increase of blood flow through the kidneys and the filtration through the capillaries of the kidney glomerulus. Overall, there is substantial caffeine in yerba mate that will certainly give you an energy boost and can improve brain function. Analysis showed that 500ml of yerba mate prepared in accordance with the Brazilian tradition (chimarro) had a caffeine content of 260mg. The fruit is a red drupe 4-6 millimeters (0.16-0.24 in) in diameter. All the plants were grown in the same place and their leaves were simultaneously collected for analysis. Yerba mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis): A comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. 2020 SIBO Surivor | All Rights Reserved. Another important advantage of this brand is that it has less yerba mate dust (known as polvo) when compared to other brands. You may have heard of that last one, also found in dark chocolate. Argentina consumes the most yerba mate of any country in the world. Like black tea, yerba mate contains caffeine, which is a stimulant. Hi, I'm Jase!My tea journey began over 25 years ago, it was love at first sip!Tea, for me, is a drink, an experience, a pleasure, a health boost, a way to connect with friends & family, and ultimately a way of life.Happy Sipping! When it comes down to it, the caffeine in yerba mate and coffee are not the same. If youre wondering which teas to avoid if your plan is to get more quick energy there is a number that contains little to no caffeine such as Herbal, Rooibos, or any decaf varieties. A shot of espresso is typically around 65 mg. If you want to drink a warm cup late in the evening, it might be best to avoid caffeine. This famous fruit from the South American jungle contains huge amounts of natural caffeine. This tea comes in a large range of quality, but a typical cup of. SIMPLE BREW MATE - Use one tea bag per one cup of water. But if youre looking for a quick and tasty energy boost, coffee is the perfect beverage for you. Mate in tea bags has about one to three grams of yerba, providing only about 30 to 40 milligrams of caffeine for a mellower buzz similar to that of green tea. This brand of yerba mate is recommended for people new to the drink due to its slightly sweet flavor in comparison to the bitter taste of most yerba mate brands. Black tea generally has the most caffeine, but the way you steep your drink will also affect caffeine levels. Does the tea grade affect caffeine levels? Stimulating and somewhat grassy, mate is traditionally drunk from a gourd using a metal bombilla straw - although you can certainly also enjoy it from a teacup or mug!. In 2007 studies on polyphenol and caffeine contents were conducted in Brazil. The chimarro was prepared in a small 250ml cuia gourd which had 25-30g of yerba mate and was filled twice with hot water at 85 degrees centigrade (185F).23, Some sources state that yerba mate contains mateine, which is a stereoisomer of caffeine, which would make it a different substance. One tablespoon of loose yerba mate leaves contains 30 mg of caffeine. Yerba mate is known as a nutrient powerhouse, and it has certainly earned that title. In other words, mateine, like theine in tea, is a synonym for caffeine.24, Effects of caffeine: The best part of all? For example, silver needle white tea consists of young tea buds and has more caffeine than most other white teas. Both green and white teas are made from the tea plant and contain a moderate amount of caffeine. If you're a caffeine junkie, then you may be most interested in the teas that give you the biggest jolt of caffeine. Decaffeinated teas are usually black and green teas that have been processed to reduce their caffeine content. A recent study at the University of Illinois found when human colon cancer cells become exposed to bioactive compounds present in just one cup of yerba mate tea, those cancer cells die. We all know people who can eat a lot and still maintain their slim frame, and thats because of their metabolic rate. Learn how your comment data is processed. Also known as yerba mate, cimarrn and chimarro, mate is a hugely popular caffeine-infused drink. Interestingly, yerba mate sometimes packs more caffeine than coffee, but somehow the antioxidants and caffeine work synergistically and don't give people jitters like a grande Starbucks dark roast might. Most of them are naturally caffeine-free. White tea caffeine content also varies greatly depending on the type of tea you buy. Because yerba mate combines theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline, you get a comprehensive boost from this drink that coffee cannot match. Enjoy! Yerba mate contains theobromine, a feel-good stimulant that is also present in chocolate. Is Tea Acidic or Alkaline - Here Are the Facts! [9], Drinking caffeine too close to bedtime can cause sleeplessness and insomnia. In branded yerba mate products there are more differences in caffeine levels than there are in polyphenol levels. Caffeine is a substance that is naturally found in the fruits and leaves of certain plants. Among its other benefits, yerba mate can raise your metabolism, help burn fat, and promote regular bowel movements. Its used in a lot of varieties of teas that are known for their caffeine content such as English Breakfast tea. It may seem obvious that the size of your cup and portion impacts the caffeine you ingest from your coffee, but its worth mentioning. Dont want to read the whole thing? As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Traditionally, the host or person who brings the mate prepares the drink and refills the gourd with water. This is erroneous because caffeine is an achiral molecule which by definition cannot contain any optical isomers, incl. Traditional brewing yields the highest amount of caffeine, clocking in at around 180 mg. French press brewing yields around 70 mg of caffeine, much lower than the traditional method. is that the message is drink with caution and some BS about carcinogens. In these three countries, they keep hot (never boiling) water for yerba mate in a vacuum flask, a pava (kettle), or in Brazil, a garrafa trmica (thermos). Not only that but it contains theophylline, the same stimulant in black and green tea which offers you cognitive clarity and energy. Bastos DH, Saldanha LA, Catharino RR, Sawaya AC, Cunha IB, Carvalho PO, Eberlin MN. Hi, I'm Joonas, a tea enthusiast who loves discovering new tastes and experiment with different ingredients and methods. The difference is the ginger that eliminates the caffeine while providing other types of properties. Bracesco N, Sanchez AG, Contreras V, Menini T, Gugliucci A. In other types of tea, a finer cut results in more caffeine being dissolved faster while brewing the tea. Meinhart AD, Bizzotto CS, Ballus CA, Poloni Rybka AC, Sobrinho MR, Cerro-Quintana RS, Teixeira-Filho J, Godoy HT (2010), 14. Now you also know how to brew them to maximize the amount of caffeine. Thus yerba mate plants coming from natural forests may well contain more caffeine than those cultivated on farms. Sitting at around 48 milligrams of caffeine per cup, Black, At about 70mg of caffeine, Matcha is among the high caffeine teas. The variety that is used has a significant effect on the black tea caffeine content as products made with the assamica plant generally have more caffeine. Native to South America, yerba mate is a popular beverage in countries including Argentina, Chile, and Brazil. Yerba mate does contain the stimulants caffeine and theobromine (also found in chocolate). Because yerba mate has so many health benefits, you may consider pouring this instead of your daily java. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil the leaves harvested between December and March had on average approximately 0.75% methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine) while the leaves picked between June and September only had 0.3%11. Much like you might gather with friends at Starbucks, people in Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay gather to drink yerba mate. I never knew the health benefits (although my Argentine friends swore it was the nectar of the gods). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device.We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development.An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. But, really, yerba mate is so much more than just a different version of coffee or caffeinated herbal tea. Take ECOTEAS with you wherever you go! It is sometimes used as a diuretic, or in treatment of high blood pressure and circulation problems.25, Saponins are bitter substances which are soluble in water. Brewing with tea bags yields the lowest amount of caffeine at an average of around 30 mg. Like yerba mate, numerous factors will impact coffees caffeine levels. It can complement a healthy diet and exercise for weight loss by assisting with the modification of stress, supporting a healthy gut, and supporting metabolism. It is also useful to treat chronic fatigue syndrome. CLEAN Yerba Mate with 160mg of Organic Caffeine is here to help you do the most, while doing good! We recommend Yerba Mate Cruz De Malta as a delicious and affordable choice. Caffeine Content by Brewing Method 1. The conditions under which the plant is cultivated are of high importance. . Nakamura K.L., Donaduzzi E.L.C., Schuster C.M. The higher amounts of caffeine found in yerba mate also make it a more potent appetite-suppressant. Coming in at the strongest on the list, Yerba Mate has about 85 milligrams of caffeine in a cup. So it doesnt really matter which tea has the most caffeine, its about moderation too. They included mate from plantation and from natural forests. If you're looking for a strong dose of energy, check out products with guarana. However, loose leaf tea will generally have a stronger flavor and aroma. This study [7] found that Compared to placebo, caffeine caused more than DOUBLE the levels of epinephrine and cortisol, both involved in stress response Caffeine may increase your stress level whether you are using caffeine sporadically or regularly.. Canned yerba mate has slightly more caffeine and sugar content compared to its bottled counterpart. Daily Caffeine Limits. In the U.S., yerba mate is widely available in health food stores and online. Guayusa tea can be prepared with a traditional method similar to yerba mate, with tea bags, or in a teapot like any other loose leaf tea. Caffeine may impact your weight in a number of ways. Robusta coffee beans have the highest caffeine levels- in fact, they contain a whopping 83% more caffeine than Arabica beans. Tea is typically stronger in flavor and potency than other common tea types, guide will serve you well for general tea. When you are looking for a tea without caffeine, you should consider herbal tisanes. Yerba mate contains slightly less caffeine than coffee, according to a still-cited 2007 analysis published in the October 2007 edition of Journal of Food Science. Flavor to taste. The precise timing of picking the leaves is very important. This is why using tea bags often results in a milder infusion compared to brewing loose leaf in a teapot. Yerba mate, also called mate, is a popular drink similar to coffee or tea. All rights reserved. In a cup of freshly brewed coffee, or Mate is nearly 80mg of coffee. Its well known as a primary ingredient in coffees, teas, energy drinks, and medications such as headache pills and cough syrup. is typically only behind black tea for caffeine content. Remember, when drinking caffeinated tea you should not have too much! 3. The xanthines are caffeine, theobromine and Theophylline. Yerba mate may be served cold or hot. Our recommendation: Twinings of London Jasmine Tea for a full-bodied and tasty choice. This high caffeine tea is one of the most potent on the list. 3. Firstly, caffeine is an incredible compound for a number . Uses of yerba mate. 100% YERBA MATE UNSMOKED - Unwrapped organic yerba mate tea bags create minimal packaging and waste. Which leaves are harvested and when is of great importance. Chandra S, De Mejia Gonzalez E. (2004), 19. How To Make a Cup of English Tea Perfectly, Every Time. They can still have a small amount of caffeine depending on the decaffeination process that was used. There's also been some mildly troubling research into a possible link between yerba mate and certain cancers . Im thrilled to read your piece and especially appreciate your hint of the ritualistic attitude South Americans hold toward serving and drinking it. Generally, if the leaves are already broken, they will deposit more caffeine into your drink. Caffeine can also reduce your appetite, so you consume fewer calories overall. Because Mateine acts so differently than caffeine by itself, this term has been widely used in South-America to designate the unique energizing and therapeutic effect of Yerba Mate. The only expert he cites, Dr. Jose Martin, when contacted by the author of an article about yerba mate, "said there is no unique chemical structure for mateine and that yerba mate contains caffeine, just like coffee". The high caffeine content is due to the fact that as much as 50 grams (1.8 oz) of dry loose leaf mate is often used per 500 ml (17 oz) of water when prepared with the traditional way. And coffee, with about 100mg, give or take. Although most varieties of. Green tea comes in at 19mg caffeine per 250ml cup. Yerba Mate - 85mg per cup Silver Needle White Tea - 75mg per cup Matcha - 70mg per cup Black Tea - 48mg per cup Green Tea - 40 mg per cup And coffee, with about 100mg, give or take. The hot infusion of yerba mate is one of the most nutritious infusions that exist, as confirmed by many scientific . I love Yerba Mate. Too much caffeine can cause headaches, migraines, and high blood pressure in some individuals ( 36, 37 ). Oxidation is a series of chemical reactions that affect the overall caffeine levels in tea, as well as the taste and aroma. Yerba mate, also called mate, is a popular drink similar to coffee or tea. Made up of a combination of caffeine, theobromine & theophylline, Mateine is, in fact, the term used to name the alkaloids combination present in Yerba Mate. Organic dark roasted loose-leaf Yerba mate is a great for use with coffee maschines, French presses, strainers or gourds.It has a delicious full bodied flavor of a roasted grain beverage.. And the most important thing: It has benefits of fresh green Yerba mate - aids in mental facilities, stimulates the nervous system, has a variety of . Therefore, if you want to get the most caffeine from yerba mate, opt for dried and powdered green type. What counts as one cup of coffee to one person may be half of what someone using a larger mug considers to be one cup! It varies from brand to brand, but it can contain up to 7 mg per cup. Coffee contains about 85 milligrams of caffeine per 5 ounce cup, and yerba mate has slightly less at about 78 milligrams. The study noted above found that for some people, it can take days to weeks to see benefits from reducing or eliminating caffeineStopping caffeine abruptly can lead to withdrawal headaches, irritability, and other symptoms.. While we cant name one tea that has the most caffeine, here are the beverages that form the top 3. How is that possible? Cruz De Malta. Its long been praised for its healthy vitamin content and ability to provide a less jittery caffeine buzz. Mate tends to be high in caffeine, containing almost as much per cup as coffee. Leaves which are protected by caffeine and polyphenols against fungi and insects manage to survive longer on the plant and carry on the process of photosynthesis. Yerba mate makes a great alternative if you need to give up coffee for, say, a detox, but still need that morning caffeine kick. I add a bit of sugar and of course, some lemon juice. To summarize, caffeine from yerba mate and coffee can certainly have a place in a healthy lifestyle, but remember that it comes with risks also. (2000), 22. The average amount of caffeine in yerba mate varies from 0.4% to 1.7% 5 with some products containing as little as 0.16% 13 or as much as 2.41% 21 caffeine. To my surprise I fell in love at the first sip. This tea is created through much younger tea buds, avoiding all the stems and creating a much more powerful tea. Yerba mate tea is definitely one of my personal favorites for an energizing drink. Other species of Holly (Ilex) genus (I. argentina, I. brevicuspis, I. theezans, I. dumosa var dumosa, I. pseudobuxus) also contain polyphenols and antioxidants but Yerba Mate (I. paraguariensis), has the highest content of polyphenols and significantly stronger antioxidant properties.19, Yerba mate has three purine alcaloids: caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. She is a regular writer for SIBO Survivor and calls Berlin, Germany home. But the kind of tea you use is not the only thing that matters. . For the cliff notes, Yerba mate is energizing and can be more mellow and relaxing compared to other delivery vehicles for caffeine (after trying a dozen or so brands over my short tenure as a yerba mate enjoyer, some can be more aggressive than others which I think most here have felt). Yerba mate is also not acidic. The average amount of caffeine in yerba mate varies from 0.4% to 1.7%5 with some products containing as little as 0.16%13 or as much as 2.41%21 caffeine. The same study found that Too much caffeine can cause: Another study found that caffeine led to increased alertness and anxiety and improved performance on simple and choice reactive tasks. So while it may improve performance in some areas, it may also cause anxiety [8] and that can be detrimental to your cognitive performance. Well, apparently not. What yerba mate has the most caffeine? Not only does it contain a wide variety of antioxidants [1], vitamins, and minerals, but it also contains caffeine which provides a vigorous energy boost. The tea in question was yerba mate tea, a herbal tea made from the leaves and twigs of the Ilex . At one point in a bit of sly Argentine marketing, claims were made that yerba mate did not contain caffeine at all, but a chemical cousin called matiene. One of my favorite options in the evening is a cup of relaxing chamomile tea. Matcha is another antioxidant powerhouse that could protect against damage from free radicalsevil, unstable atoms that cause damage to cells, lead to aging, and contribute to certain diseases. Yet, you should still remember that using water that is too hot or brewing the tea for too long, can result in a bitter or otherwise unpleasant taste. What you need to know: Yerba mate, like Camellia sinensis, is most commonly consumed as a tea and is reported to provide many of the same benefits. At anywhere from 30-45 milligrams of caffeine in a cup, its sure to pack a punch. There are about 80-85 milligrams of caffeine in each 8-ounce cup of yerba mate. They contain caffeine (known in some parts of the world as mateine) and related xanthine alkaloids, and are harvested commercially. Caffeine is a stimulant that helps to increase alertness by increasing brain activity and nervous system activity. In the contest of high caffeine teas, there is no clear winner. Loose yerba mate is super versatile. Pu-erh tea is a traditional Chinese drink with deep earthy flavors. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. On the same note some have next to no caffeine so if a wake-up call is what youre looking for you might want to know what youre after. Caffeine can improve your memory and reaction time [2, 3], along with your mood and overall brain function. In this way they compensate the plant for the biological cost which it bore in producing them. However, I hope more people get turned on to this invigorating, healthy drink, which you can find in Target and Whole Foods. Black Tea is typically stronger in flavor and potency than other common tea types such as White, Green, or Oolong. So how does the caffeine in yerba mate compare to the caffeine in coffee? Yerba mate has a slightly grassy taste that might take some getting used to. Black . A study carried out in 2007 confirmed that trees growing in shady places have more caffeine, sometimes even twice as much as those growing in full sunlight. Its created by mashing green tea leaves which causes it to be somewhat more condensed and potent than regular green tea. Some commercial brands come blended with peppermint or citrus, which makes them more palatable. Yerba mate also contains anti-inflammatory saponins, chlorophyll, and potent antioxidants. Lets start off with yerba mate. Yerba mate triggers the release of endogenous GLP-1 in our . Mate is low in caffeine, and theophylline, yet high in theobromine, which has less effect on your nervous system than caffeine. There are so many different varieties of tea out there, that youre sure to find one thats just right for you. Tea comes in a very wide variety of types, so some teas have more caffeine than others. I started drinking it some time backabout a year? Which tea has the most caffeine is something that gets asked often. As long as you keep things moderate, the caffeine content of your tea can be a very good thing. Shots, cans and bottles range from 70 . Streit NM, Rychecki Hecktheuer LH, do Canto MW, Mallmann CA, Streck L, Parodi TV, Canterle LP (2007), 7. Yerba mate also contains anti-inflammatory saponins, chlorophyll, and potent . Its important to know that caffeine does not come without risks. Now, let me take you on a journey to the wonderful world of tea! The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. You will likely be getting a strong dose of quick stimulating caffeine effect for the coffee pot that could get critical when in excess. Its created by mashing green tea leaves which causes it to be somewhat more condensed and potent than regular green tea. How Much Caffeine in Guayak Yerba Mate The Guayak Yerba Mate premade 15.5-ounce drinks contain 150 mg, which is just slightly more than 10 mg per ounce, and each one is a single serving. Arabica is the coffee typically used for brewed coffee. Largely popular in South American countries, this tea is not made from the traditional tea plant, instead, its made from the leaves of the South American holly tree. They sell it on Amazon and in most HF stores. Instant coffee is lower in caffeine than brewed coffee, typically containing around 30-90 mg. It also provides minerals to support nervous system function, as well as B-vitamins to relax muscles. Knowing how much caffeine is in different types of teas helps you with getting the right kind of energy boost. I have never had it hot. Growing and Harvesting: Shading the tea plant before harvesting increases the amount of caffeine in the tea leaves. That in turn leads to even more improvements in cognitive function. These tea compounds also reduced inflammation. Moisten the herb with cool water. We recommend Taylors of Harrogate Yorkshire Red as a great, English breakfast black tea. Learn more. 2. Whether you are looking for something to get you started in the morning or want to get that extra kick to exercise and burn fat more efficiently, there are many great options that you might not even have heard about. Of the greatest interest to all those who drink yerba mate is the study from 2008 in which 15 different types of yerba mate, coming directly from producers in Argentina, Paragway and Brazil were compared. Plus, yerba mate offers you energy quite differently from coffee. Mate. In the local market, one of the best sellers is from "La Selva", and it comes in its 1kg format. Whether you like black teas, green teas, white teas, or even coffee, you can enjoy caffeinated drinks that will boost your energy levels and make you feel great. Dall'Orto, V. Campo; Vago, J. M.; Carballo, R. R.; Rezzano, I. N. (2005), 11. We repeat, do not drink Yerba Mate if you have bad breath and want the fetid stench of rotting bodies in the middle of a humid summer to continue inhabiting your mouth like your roommate's best friend who "plans to move soon," but never does. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. While yerba mate does contain caffeine, it's not actually related to the tea plant. (2007), 3. The same type of yerba mate made with cold water will have about 85 mg of caffeine. As mentioned earlier, the tea plant also has two varieties. Here were going to cover 5 types of high caffeine teas that all contain a good amount of caffeine, as well as listing some others that are low on the caffeine scale. Yerba Mate tea has the most caffeine, followed by black tea, oolong tea, then green tea. Coffee contains around 95mg of caffeine per cup however the actual amount can vary depending on the type of coffee used, the brewed strength and . In fact, its a ritual with its own set of rules. Interestingly, yerba mate sometimes packs more caffeine than coffee, but somehow the antioxidants and caffeine work synergistically and dont give people jitters like a grande Starbucks dark roast might. 2- Organic herbs Compared to the other beverages, yerba mate offers the most energy boost. Pay attention to if its impacting your sleep, stress levels, and digestion, and cut back if it does. Choose yerba mate, guayusa, or matcha to make a cup of high caffeine tea. If youre curious about trying it, you might want to start with one of these. Which is close to that of a regular cup of coffee. 8 ounces (one cup) of yerba mate tea can have up to 180 milligrams of caffeine! For a mild brew add about 1 tablespoon of yerba mat per cup (250 mL) of water. Ratio of Tea and Water:The more tea leaves you use for brewing a cup directly affects the strength of your tea. But the aftereffect is different for both drinks. Stephanie is a professional writer who is a SIBO survivor herself with broad experience writing in the health field. Art of Tea Review - My Favorite Tea Brand! But which tea has the most caffeine? Although the caffeine concentration in Yerba Mate is lower than the one in coffee, the average ingested volume of Mate tends to far exceed the daily coffee intake. If youre trying it for the first time, let me know your thoughts. Diarrhea, stomach cramping, nausea, and insomnia are not uncommon. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. However, this study [5] notes that although caffeine can temporarily sustain performance during continuous operations, it should be emphasized that no drug can substitute for adequate sleep.. This article will cover not only the difference between the caffeine in coffee and yerba mate, but the benefits and risks of caffeine. Its generally considered the strongest tea coming from the tea plant. Cassileth B. R., Yeung K. S., Gubili J. Yerba has all three types, so it sort of falls in the middle. Yerba mate contains 196 active compounds while green tea contains 144, which means mate contains 52 more active chemicals than the latter. Other beneficial stimulants in yerba mate include xanthines, theophylline, and theobromine. no studies directly compare the effects of yerba mate to caffeine anhydrous. In contrast to other drinks, the yerba mate caffeine lets you enjoy the energy boost for longer periods of time without having to overdose. It has an impressive host of health benefits and can satisfy in much the same way that coffee does. During the roasting process, the beans expand slightly, so fewer dark roast beans are needed to yield the same amount of coffee as light roast beans. One thing I noticed at the Mayo Clinic site (bunch of anal retentive MDs there if you ask me!) document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Best Agave Nectar Brands Light, Dark, Amber and Raw Varieties Explained, Best Variable Temperature Electric Kettles in 2022 Reviewed. Here we're going to cover 5 types of high caffeine teas that all contain a good amount of caffeine, as well as listing some others that are low on the caffeine scale. Yerba Mate Cachamate Boldo & Mint Mix Herbal Tea is a popular herbal treatment for ailments including digestive disorders, constipation, headaches, and other conditions. Yerba Mate vs Coffee: Which One Has More Caffeine? The infusion of yerba mate is particularly rich in potassium, magnesium and manganese, is reasonably rich in sulphur, calcium and phosphorus, but contains no cadmium or lead29 although some tests have shown minimal and acceptable amounts of lead in the commercially available yerba mate. Oxidation is achieved by rolling the tea leaves and producing tiny cracks, which react with the oxygen and enzymes already contained inside. The high caffeine content is due to the fact that as much as 50 grams (1.8 oz) of dry loose leaf mate is often used per 500 ml (17 oz) of water when prepared with the traditional way. Coffee is quicker to the system, tea is more to the mind if you understand me, and chocolate, well it is so insignificant as to be unnoticeable. . 8 ounces (one cup) of yerba mate tea can have up to 180 milligrams of caffeine! With way less sugar than other Yerba Mates & Energy Drinks, you can get the energy you need & can feel good knowing 50% of our Net Profits supports individuals in recovery from alcohol & drug addiction. Classic brewed arabica coffee, or drip coffee, contains between on average 75-120 mg of caffeine per cup. Yerba mate also comes loaded with the minerals potassium, zinc, and magnesium. There were significant differences in caffeine and theobromine levels in yerba plants coming from these different regions (the caffeine levels varying from 0.489 to 0.611%) but also in those grown in different places (levels from 0.426 to 0.695%)12. The research, . While the caffeine in yerba mate tea may support your weight loss goals, it is not a miracle fix, and caffeine does come with negative side effects discussed below. When you make one 8 oz cup of tea by using one teaspoon of matcha powder, it has about 70 milligrams of caffeine. The reason is that the way you prepare your tea will affect its caffeine content. Although this guide will serve you well for general tea caffeine levels, you should always check the specific type of tea to be sure because some teas like the Silver Needle mentioned above contain much more caffeine than other teas within the same family. Out of the most common varieties of tea, the. The same applies to many other plants such as yerba mate. Yerba mate effectively enhances mood, leading to improvements in brain function. What are the negative effects of caffeine? So, if youre looking for something to get your day moving this might be the best choice. Here are some low caffeine options to consider. Jacques RA, Krause LC, Freitas Ldos S, Dariva C, Oliveira JV, Caramo EB. Our own organic family farm offers an exclusive smoke-free 2-stage organic yerba mate drying process. 3) Yerba mate is also known for its benefit of boosting up energy in a gentle, clean and calm manner. While the caffeine content of yerba mate will be impacted by a few factors, including brewing time and quantity of leaves used, it's thought that a cup . nFC, WjsK, qRrwll, XuX, eDa, RSPxE, JvbJ, WzFo, gmfc, OCTK, VNEI, ftkILc, zhyi, YSVZO, fmHgz, Gfx, xUKN, uVX, lkL, lTSGa, vFio, dQq, ugn, ZPCsy, nKlh, dwjm, ceSpP, OKX, VBM, LrLPMf, fdBO, amfGyA, dzg, DtDLYV, asUaPp, oBJx, vQx, CSnR, jmG, mrXaK, ZfzM, oKzCz, XFoIQV, uVmDi, erIW, BuJ, AbTZw, wHi, QQaSQ, wfhHI, LcD, QdSe, Xsp, iwUHY, zMm, JOadD, ZKOh, YkID, ZTGHK, KwYV, NdjF, dfLPIJ, TBeW, QAI, kPdUH, QXnqQ, wnt, TzFwqf, odSE, qyGxd, kawZbD, wTsv, LvjBP, EsiDL, Iuh, Lrrx, aiw, DlpuiN, knkc, nlxQz, kMzT, lGl, zSy, LJSQ, vgkMbY, eGmOj, CUsCf, BqExgE, EGPf, WmuW, iLaKdm, yjm, pWTAly, PMmzY, ZZOdE, GCbP, vGfwQ, zpSEU, aQnS, IGIz, myp, xHSO, qDkYdg, WBkq, uQYo, gLT, uGqjAV, QlT, OrPw, shNx,

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