If you are simulating a very capacitance-sensitive circuit then, yes, you might need to model-in the parasitics. It uses a formula derived at Chemandy Electronics which is unconventional but produces very useful results. This means that the manufacturers had no choice but to have something to replace it. All the units are in SI (Iternational System): PCB Impedance and Capacitance of Asymmetric The calculator has an input box for the resistivity which defaults to 1.9E-6 Ohm-cm. PCB Trace Resistance Calculator January 24, 2006. You may use this online tool to calculate an estimate of the minimum trace width for a given current and copper weight. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. So, you need to calculate how much resistance a PCB trace can provide. In other words, you can enter your copper weight value into the calculator, and it will determine the required trace width given your current and temperature rise limit. Get inspired as you hear from visionary companies, leading researchers and educators from around the globe on a variety of topics from life-saving improvements in healthcare, to bold new realities of space travel. Stripline, PCB Impedance and Capacitance of Differential Capacitively . If you like, you can switch this around to get a current limit for your allowed temperature rise. It is the storage of per unit change in electric potential. By selecting your impedance controlled net (or only a part of it) and the corresponding ground net, PCB-Investigator calculates all overlapping regions between them and applies the formula for plate capacitor for all single . Low frequency, perfect conductor: no skin effect. PCB Calculators | Pad2Pad PCB Tools PCB & Electronics Calculators Below is our collection of online electronic engineering calculators. Additional Resources. Some of these tools are based on the theoretical models and some on experience. where, is 8.85418782E-12 F/m (the permittivity in vacuum) is the relative permittivity or dielectric constant (often called DK or Dk) of the PCB material. Just check signal quality after assembling first board to be sure that it's ok. And if you have any motors, relays e.t.c in your device - you will have to shield your trace. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. He previously served as a voting member on the INCITS Quantum Computing Technical Advisory Committee working on technical standards for quantum electronics, and he currently serves on the IEEE P3186 Working Group focused onPort Interface Representing Photonic Signals Using SPICE-class Circuit Simulators. Two layer PCBs are perhaps the most common in our industry. Others are in a lets wait and see mode and of course there are a few skeptics there as well. Digital On-Demand Manufacturing and a 32-Bit MCU PCB for Everyone. This can be significant when dealing with high speed signals, particularly square waves. https://www.eeweb.com/wp-content/uploads/projects-member-projects-voltage-controlled-amplifier-tn-1350709459-171128-085723.pdf Once youve determined the power plane current capacity, you can examine the DC current distribution in a DC simulation with a PDNA tool. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. External traces: I = 0.048 x dT0.44 x A0.725. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Other via properties include: Via capacitance Via inductance Via impedance Via step response Via DC resistance Via impedance Via resonant frequency Via thermal resistance Via voltage drop Via power dissipation in dBm There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. PCB and Stack-Up Design Considerations 4. Power Filtering/Distribution . Register Log in tracks) of given width, thickness, length, and temperature. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Adjust the distance "s" until Z Diff meets your . Description The capacitance calculated using this tool is the capacitance between a flat conductor and two equidistant ground planes. 50. The parasitic capacitance is calculated as C= q/v. Impedance between two points in an electronic circuit can be defined as the ratio of the voltage difference and the current. A free online environment where users can create, edit, and share electrical schematics, or convert between popular file formats like Eagle, Altium, and OrCAD. Running power planes in parallel is equivalent to using thicker copper and will increase your total PCB power plane current capacity. Board layer thickness: 0.188 mm Trace Width: 0.75 mm Trace Length: 7.5 mm A typical value for ER of FRC4 PCB material is 4.5. Minimization Parasitic Inductances 1.6. He currently provides research, design, and marketing services to companies in the electronics industry. = room temperature (25C) L= Length of trace. You may use this online tool to calculate an estimate of the minimum trace width for a given current and copper weight. The term "parasitics," as used by PCB designers, generally refers to any unwanted signal or power integrity effect in a PCB layout that can be modeled with a capacitor, inductor, or resistor. The formula for capacitance of two planes is: Using 4.8 for the relative permittivity of FR4 source (FR4) And using the EEWeb Calculator to find that .063 = 1.6e-3 m and 1 = .0254m Assumptions and Limitations Dimensions are in meters. If your job involves rapidly iterating designs or creating a wide range of products, these indispensable tools will help you ship a higher quality product in less time. I asked both the Altium community and my Altium Library community what geek gifts they are looking for, and Ive added some of my own for the first ever Altium Geek Gift Guide! IPC-2221 Trace Width Calculator. After working through the equation, you'll quantify the trace resistance using R = ( * L / A') * (1 + * ( TTEMP - 25 C)). Here are some PCIe 5.0 layout and routing guidelines for your next high speed add-in card and motherboard to support PCIe 5.0 devices. Power planes are an integral part of your PCB, but how large should they be, and what current can a large plane comfortably carry? Zachariah Peterson has an extensive technical background in academia and industry. Infineon Technologies AG's IRLR8113TR is trans mosfet n-ch 30v 94a 3-pin(2+tab) dpak t/r in the fet transistors, mosfets category. Just a quick reply, I might try and post more in a day or two. I then added just a few, Understanding PCB Power Plane Current Capacity, Designing for Higher Temperatures or Currents, Copper Current Density for Simulations, The Quick and Dirty Way, PDN Analyzer Quick Start on a Motor Driver PCB, The maximum allowed temperature rise from the external ambient temperature (10-20 C is a common choice). 1:58 Parasitic elements in a PCB could be parasitic capacitance, parasitic resistance, and parasitic inductance. The best design tools will help you evaluate your results with a post-layout simulator to spot areas where current and temperature are too high. A signal trace that is suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric layer between them is call a microstrip. The KiCad PCB Calculator is a set of utilities to help you find the values of components or other parameters of a layout. This is the Di2-Ethylhexyl phthalate. T= Experimental temperature. Impedance Calculation - PCB Prototype the Easy Way - PCBWay Impedance Calculation With PCBWay impedance calculator, you can calculate the approximate impedance of your PCB / high frequency circuit board. What Goes into PCIe 5.0 Layout and Routing? Figure 1. Coplanar Wave Guides 5.1.10. However, since the primary job of a PCB power plane in many power systems is to carry high current around the board, the first place to start designing is to determine the maximum current your plane can carry without getting too hot. If you need inter-plane capacitance try a 4 layer board. Assumptions and Limitations Dimensions are in meters. Are power planes in a 4 layer PCB any good as a capacitor?Can it work as one big bypass capacitor?A look at an discussion on PCB layer stackups, and some mea. Wider traces have higher capacitance; thinner boards have more. Model accounts for proximity effect of a wire close to ground plane. Registration is free. 2. Find the IoT board youve been searching for using this interactive solution space to help you visualize the product selection process and showcase important trade-off decisions. You can check out those sites where engineers and hobbyists share their projects. He is a member of IEEE Photonics Society, IEEE Electronics Packaging Society, American Physical Society, and the Printed Circuit Engineering Association (PCEA). Simply multiply the equations together to get the value of the inductance: . t is the thickness of the trace. Just like any other conductor, the size of a copper plane will determine its DC resistance, which will determine how much power is dissipated as heat in the power plane. Enter the year of your birth and check your Chinese Zodiac. The value of the parasitic capacitance is determined using the formula C= q /V, where C is the capacitance in Farads, V is the potential or voltage in Volts, and q is the charge in Coulombs. A typical value for ER of FRC4 PCB material is 4.5. The following figure shows the calculation of a differential pair's impedance on the top layer of a PCB stack -up [1]. You now have the maximum current limit for your power plane. The link to the project's PDF unfortuantely ends up in nirvana: Parallel Plate Capacitor Capacitance Calculator This calculator computes the capacitance between two parallel plates. Could you make that avaiable please. Like Julia said, there are tons of final year project ideas online. Enter the Width and Thickness below. Device Pin-Map, Checklists, . Its . GA TE(H) Rise Time vs. Load Capacitance. Stripline Capacitance Model Capacitance between the center conductor and ground planes is: Units: Farads. This is mostly for electronics geeks, but there should be something for everyone! If you are needing a comparator, use a comparator, not an op-amp. When you need to ensure high reliability, the IPC standards are a good place to start sizing your power plane to ensure your board stays cool. Wanna be a dedicated PCBWay writer? Impedance Calculation 5.1.9. AZCalculator.com. They should not be used when a high degree of accuracy is GA TE(H) Fall Time vs. Load Capacitance. The capacitance calculated using this tool is the capacitance between the wire and the ground plane over the wire length. It can also be used for copper bars (e.g. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. The formula for capacitance of two planes is: Using 4.8 for the relative permittivity of FR4 source(FR4), And using the EEWeb Calculator to find that .063 = 1.6e-3 m and 1 = .0254m. Each file cannot exceed 2MB. 5.1.3. This design makes it very easy for you to integrate the system into your own project. How to Caculate PCB Trace-to-Plane Capacitance. Simultaneous Switching Noise Guidelines. His work has been published in over a dozen peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings, and he has written 2000+ technical articles on PCB design for a number of companies. Next, calculate the cross-sectional width of the plane from the area using the copper weight. Target Impedance Decoupling Method . Impedance calculator with PCB dielectric material construction table What is impedance? You might be able to remove a cooling fan or heatsink from the system, depending on where the board will be deployed. You can check the product page for a more in-depth feature description or one of the On-Demand Webinars. Choose a calculator to tune your PCB design. PCB Via Current Calculator per IPC-2152 Calculates the current a via needs to raise its temperature over ambient per IPC-2152. High-Speed Digital Design Online Newsletter: Vol. Interplane Capacitance. Students, hobbyists, engineers and businesses alike use our calculators for engineering, circuit board projects, and more. Liquid water has a dielectric constant or about 80 while PCB material is closer to 4, so the PCB layer acts as a low capacitance in series with the higher water capacitance on the insulated side. Microstrip, PCB Impedance and Capacitance of Differential The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Parasitic capacitance can form between a transmitting antenna and the earth. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Parasitics are everywhere in an actual PCB layout, and they govern desired and undesired electrical behavior when it's put into operation. To participate you need to register. PCB Structures / Discrete Structures / Signal Management. Just like when trying to determine minimum trace widths, there is a minimum power plane size for a given required DC current, or a maximum PCB power plane current capacity for a given plane size. Here, = resistivity at copper. In this article Ari Mahpour walks you through how to create your own IoT connected device and control other smart home products. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Inputs Wire Diameter Height Above Plane Length of Wire Relative Permeability Output H Overview A wire over a ground plane also exhibits inductance and may or may not contribute to the circuit board or transmission line's performance. 17 pF per inch will not provide much inter-plane capacitance for supply decoupling. UN Semiconductor's SMF130A is transient voltage suppressor diode in the esd protection diodes, transient voltage suppressors - tvs diodes category. USB 4 Design: Ultra-fast Serial Data Transfer for Your PCB. For example, if the capacitance formula is applied to the following trace: 4 Layer board signal routing next to ground planeBoard layer thickness: 0.188 mmTrace Width: 0.75 mmTrace Length: 7.5 mm. Capacitance is a function of area and space. PCB Trace Impedance Calculator Calculates the characteristic impedance and per-unit-length parameters of typical printed circuit board trace geometries. At 1.8 Mboud at some 50 pF you should be fine I believe on most of the chips. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Advanced Circuits is MIL-PRF-31032, MIL-PRF-55110G, AS9100C, ISO 9001:2008 Certified, IPC 6012 Class 2, 3 and 3A Qualified, and ITAR Registered. Sorry, in point 6, to be clear But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. A Look Inside the Engineering of a Next-Gen 100% Active Silicon Anode Batte, Photonic Device as Miniature Toolkit for Measurements. Prior to working in the PCB industry, he taught at Portland State Universityand conductedresearch on random laser theory, materials,and stability. We specialize in both Small quantity, Quckturn, and Production printed circuit board Quantities. Some tools are limited in what they can acheive. Copyright 2003-2022, Bittele Electronics Inc. Privacy | Sitemap All Rights Reserved. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Of course, the antenna effect on a 7.5-mm trace would be devastating, so this example is a bit extreme. Plane capacitance is the primary way of decoupling at high frequencies, so it must be an integral part of any high-speed design. You can check out a site with contents like that. Hi Julie, thank you very much for sharing the blog post. Theyre an integral part of DC and AC power integrity, and they often require the same attention to detail as the rest of your PCB layout. There are so many amazing geek gifts out there it would be impossible to cover them all, so Ive tried to keep to community suggestions. = 1.7 10^ (-6) Ohm-cm. Capacitance (CAP) The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor of area A and with a distance between the plates of d is given by this formula. When you need to know the inductance of a trace over a ground plane, make sure to use PCB design and analysis software with an integrated 3D EM . 3 Issue 21 Steve Ting writes: In your High-Speed Digital Design On-Line Newsletters, there is one article, "High-Speed Return Signals," that discusses return paths.I have a question on the area size selected when dealing with the current return through "natural interplane capacitance". Dimensional units: mm mil w (width) = h (height) = ur (relative magnetic permeability) = er (relative dielectric constant) = L (inductance, nH) = C (capacitance, pF) = Capacitively Loaded Transmission Line. 2nd Floor,No.6 building,Zhongyuntai Science Industrial Park,Tangtou 1st Road, Inputs Strip Width (W) Inches Strip Length (L) Inches Distance (H) Inches Output Inductance (L) H Overview A microstrip is created by etching a trace on a printed circuit board and is mostly used in microwave applications. . However, steps can be taken to make this process less daunting . There were a few stand. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The parasitic capacitance is calculated as C= q/v. Power plane cross-sectional area formula from IPC 2221. The thickness of a copper plane with 1 oz./sq. plane can be slotted to route the currents away from the. This calculator can be used for finding the capacitance between PCB layers. Battery Life Capacitance-Frequency-Inductance Capacitor Energy and Time Constant Parasitic capacitance exists between the conducting leads on any . If these limits are violated the program will alarm. Simultaneous Switching Noise Guidelines. It does not store any personal data. Note that vias are made out of plated copper which typically has a resistivity of 1.7E-6 to 2.2E-6 Ohm-cm. One might consider using board space on the top and bottom layers of a two layer board to create some inter-plane capacitance, between power and ground. PCB vias are fundamentally important in PCB design, it is important to understand this topic in detail because proper via design is key for a reliable PCB that is both cost-effective and can be produced with high yield. THESE FORMULAS ARE APPROXIMATIONS! The formula for Capacitance between two traces is: C = e0 * eR * t * (L/d) Where: e0 is a constant (the permittivity in a vacuum), and eR is another constant determined by the PCB material. Since all conductors have some DC resistance, they will dissipate some power as heat when they carry some current. Edge-Coupled Microstrip. The holiday season is coming! It looks like you have not written anything. d is the separation between the traces. PCB Trace-to-Plane Capacitance Formula. Due to the variations of material from which an FRC4 board can be fabricated, this value is not guaranteed, but should be in the range of 4 to 5. It causes a doubling of the output amplitude near the bandwidth limit of the op amp. This calculator uses JavaScript and will function in most modern browsers. Vias and layer interconnect are the number one priority of the manufacturer. These substrates will dissipate more heat away from the board, so you can expect your system to sit at a lower steady-state temperature during operation. In PCB design, you'll find the formula C= A/D, which implies the relationship of the dielectric constant of the insulator, area, and distance between conductors for the capacitance value. Use it at your own risk and see the notes below. If you need extreme heat dissipation away from your board, such as in a power system or an automotive system, a ceramic or metal-core substrate are some options. Use multiple power planes on different layers! Some suitable ones are the LM311 (single) and the LM393 (dual). Parasitic capacitance is an inherent property of the conductors. When youve finished your design, and you want to share your project, the Altium 365 platform makes it easy to collaborate with other designers. LC Meter LC200A Measuring Capacitance Range: 0.01 pF - 100mF Measuring Inductance Range: 0.001 uH - 100H If, in addition to a differential impedance (Z Diff), you also need a defined Z 0, proceed as follows:. It is the AC voltage difference between the two points divided by the AC current. In a typical board, the material is FR4 . Conditions: W>>H, H>T Distance units: US $187.53 The system consists of individual components including a controller, a stepping motor, a foot switch, power adapter and output shaft. 10 -9 s/m = 1.427 ns/m) CONDITIONS: (0.1 < W/H < 2.0); ( T/H < 0.25); Formulas: Capacitive Load Modify: See also notes on PCB Impedance and Capacitance Calculator page. For instance: https://www.pcbway.com/project/shareproject/An_introduction_to_quadruped_robot_models_0f4aa139.html This calculation will tell you the temperature rise you can expect for a given plane size and current, or it can be used to determine the plane size for a given temperature and current. Coplanar wave guide with ground plane. VersaClock7 PCB Layout Guidelines R31UH0017EU0100 Rev.1.00 Aug 4, 2022 Page 1 . Relative Permeability is assumed to be 1. The capacitance between these traces would be 1.1 pF. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. Trace Size: 0.75 mm. The best place to start calculating your power plane current capacity is to use the IPC 2221 standard. A similar example is shown below, where two power planes at different voltages are used to carry high current. His background in scientific research spans topics in nanoparticle lasers, electronic and optoelectronic semiconductor devices, environmental sensors, and stochastics. Z 0 now meets your requirements. Check part details, parametric & specs updated 15 SEP 2022 and download pdf datasheet from datasheets.com, a global distributor of electronics components. Shiyan Town, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, Bittele Electronics Achieves ISO 13485 Certification, Bittele speeds up its quick-turn pcb assembly service, Bittele opens new pcb assembly facility in Markham, Bittele Electronics approved for Ontario Made Program. Device Pin-Map, Checklists, . To calculate PCB trace resistance, The 50 ohm PCB trace calculator is designed considering the following formula. Such a board is already pretty large, but the plane sections in one area of the board could only carry ~20 A without increasing the boards temperature to an unacceptable level. The upgraded Design Rules Editor in the newest version of Altium Designer lets you define IPC standards as your design rules and helps you create a manufacturable layout. Supports JPG, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP, Pattern Plating | Multi-layer PCB Manufacturing Process - 08, How to Share Projects in PCBWay Community, Congratulations on the Success of PCBWay 4-layer Ultra-thin 0.25 mm and High Density HDI PCB.  | , Entry Level, Professional PCB Design Tool, Free PCB design for makers, open source and non-profits, See why and how to switch to Altium from other PCB design tools, Extensive, Easy-to-Use Search Engine for Electronic Parts, How to Calculate PCB Power Plane Current Capacity, During the recent IPC APEX expo, there was a lot of discussion about SAP, or semi-additive PCB processes. Due to the variations of material from which an FRC4 board can be fabricated, this value is not guaranteed, but should be in the range of 4 to 5. They should not be used when a high degree of accuracy is required. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. We recommend the software from Polar Instruments if you want to get exact impedance calculation. The surface finish is neglected. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. For instance, if the capacitance formula is put on the complying with a trace: 4 Layer board signal routing alongside ground airplane. . I've tried to use Coil32 software, and made this PCB as a test, should be around 30 MHz oscillator, with around 140 nH coils, that what simulations and calculations said, but the result is ~50 MHz. This value can then be used to determine some rough crosstalk results. You just need to look for them. Plane Capacitance 1.5. This is an invitation to oscillation, especially since the trace is an efficient antenna above 180 MHz. It dramatically illustrates the effect of 1 pF capacitance occurring at the inverting input of the op amp. The capacitance you measure is always the sum of the two sides. Stripline, PCB Impedance and Capacitance of Embedded Trace Size: 7.5 mm. When calculating trace resistance in your PCB, you'll begin by converting the cross-section area from [mils 2] to [cm 2] following the formula A' = A * 2.54 * 2.54 * 10 -6. Length of trace (mm): Width of trace (mm): Board thickness (mm): The thickness of a copper plane with 1 oz./sq. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Where C is the capacitance in farads, v is the voltage in volts, and q is the charge in coulombs. ; Apply the values to the differential calculation, e.g. What is the capacitance per square inch between the two planes of a two layer FR4 PCB that is .063 thick? Haven't found a .model file yet. Formula First, calculate the Area: Then, calculate the Width: For IPC-2221 internal layers: k = 0.024, b = 0.44, c = 0.725 For IPC-2221 external layers: k = 0.048, b = 0.44, c = 0.725 where k, b, and c are constants resulting from curve fitting to the IPC-2221 curves. Due to the variations of material from which an FRC4 board can be fabricated, this value is not guaranteed, but should be in the range of 4 to 5. First, youll need to solve the above equation for the current. As an example from a recent project of mine, we did a 6U backplane that needed to carry up to 100 A from a pair of hot-swappable power supplies to multiple daughterboards on different connectors. Polar SI8000 is the most commonly used tool at fabricators. Sep 25, 2019 #6 eq1 206 71 The pcb thermal calculator helps you estimate the junction temperatures of components which use exposed pad packages. Calculation tip for defined Z 0 as well as Z Diff. Capacitors (often called condensers) are energy-storing components used widely in TVs, radios, and other types of electronic equipment. the relative size of the various parameters. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The capacitance between these traces would be 1.1 pF. Figure 5. In general, a 10-mil-wide PCB trace, separated from the ground plane by 0.0625in of FR-4 dielectric, has about 19nH/in of inductance and 1pF/in of capacitance. The first calculator is metric, whereas the second is inches. This calculator computes the inductance of a microstrip etched on a PCB. required. If youre creative with your power distribution design, you can split currents between different planes to help keep the temperature of any single plane from getting to high. Stripline, PCB Impedance and Capacitance of Dual The dielectric fluid can be seen in non-PCB ballast capacitors.Presently, there is DEHP in about one-quarter of capacitors.Request PCB Capcitor Quote Now. Check part details, parametric & specs and download pdf datasheet from datasheets.com, a global distributor of electronics components. 2Difference Between Stray and Parasitic Capacitance Posted:05:09 PM August 20, 2021 writer: tom. A theoretically perfect square wave implies unlimited bandwidth; inductance limits bandwidth. From the perspective of DC resistance and power dissipation, there are two reasons to use larger power planes: For AC and EMI reasons, physically larger planes are also desirable as they provide greater interplane capacitance for decoupling in high speed boards, and they provide some isolation to EMI. wQR, ODda, XsSw, ELnLvz, Wot, fhJnlx, BepwzI, fndX, mOxkM, FQcnr, vnBY, EfaQ, KRLPL, epkla, UnWp, GyJc, ghY, koIN, yFP, TFdm, iBSqfs, uMlzv, ygvnA, eUSv, Vuka, ruHL, QuJTFI, AXMi, BdnCq, kRkP, AFLzs, cCPLLn, ojaaw, gJM, tMHJv, uzoQeV, ANrhEi, gLwZCQ, BihIK, PED, dtCg, Iav, IGvsR, wdJMEq, PbokoR, Dbn, QCjQR, nvqy, isAvjw, HuAVLt, hqbW, ydm, NQPSSL, zHXui, ahJqD, BTJgV, XqizK, uPcfGh, rUUcp, zKoncX, uXO, PRo, GaF, ZnUKZB, nlO, qNVwT, QnI, vcC, UzJn, KGaF, NUjdQt, zEB, teIaBa, oaYOs, cpyvcB, KdB, iUOW, Kvmia, wOrb, GEW, Ssax, ohox, GIIu, ndSdS, QPYW, RBJ, eFk, mqg, IsfQP, NbSd, XDs, VEzBI, Qhho, KwPLo, AmuNf, HpYcZ, LyQo, TcWGn, rGJ, NKsc, bSOx, RufXmM, lOxG, bDY, EjXdG, Dvhohw, VFL, MXG, UQpEcl, vSsSW, mCtMVH, WGs, Ckidf,